雾化吸入联合甲泼尼龙治疗喘息性支气管炎患儿的疗效及对康复进程的影响

时间:2024-04-19 14:37 来源:当代医学 作者:黄纯,李燕燕,邓群繁

栏目:论著

 



(抚州市第一人民医院儿科,江西    抚州    344000)

资助项目:抚州市指导下科技计划项目(抚科计字【2021】7号序号48)

摘要: 目的    探究雾化吸入联合甲泼尼龙治疗喘息性支气管炎患儿的疗效及康复进程的影响。方法    选取20213月至202212月抚州市第一人民医院收治60例喘息性支气管炎患儿作为研究对象,随机分为甲泼尼龙组研究组,每组30例。甲泼尼龙组在常规治疗基础上使用甲泼尼龙治疗,研究组在甲泼尼龙组治疗基础上加用异丙托溴铵、沙丁胺醇雾化吸入治疗。比较两组临床症状消失时间、肺功能、炎症因子水平、免疫功能指标及临床效果结果    研究组咳嗽、喘息、肺部啰音消失时间短甲泼尼龙组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗前,两组潮气量(TV)、潮气呼气峰流速(PTEF)、用力肺活量(FVC)比较差异无统计学意义;治疗后,TV、FVC均高于治疗前PTEF低于治疗前,且研究组TV、FVC高于甲泼尼龙组,PTEF低于甲泼尼龙组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗前,两组肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)水平比较差异无统计学意义;治疗后,TNF-α、IL-1β水平均低于治疗前,且研究组低于甲泼尼龙组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗前,两组CD4+CD8+水平比较差异无统计学意义;治疗后,两组CD4+水平低于治疗前CD8+水平高于治疗前研究组CD4+水平低于甲泼尼龙组,CD8+水平高于甲泼尼龙组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。研究组治疗总有效率高于对照甲泼尼龙组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论    雾化吸入联合甲泼尼龙治疗喘息性支气管炎患儿临床效果显著,可改善患儿的临床症状,提升肺功能、免疫功能,减轻炎症反应,值得临床推广应用

关键词: 喘息性支气管炎;甲泼尼龙;雾化吸入;肺功能;炎症反应

 

Effect of atomized inhalation combined with methylprednisolone on children with asthmatic bronchitis and its influence on rehabilitation process

HUANG Chun, LI Yanyan, DENG Qunfan

(Department of Pediatrics, Fuzhou First People's Hospital, Fuzhou, Jiangxi, 344000, China)

Abstract: Objective  To explore the curative effect of atomized inhalation combined with methylprednisolone in the treatment of asthmatic bronchitis in children and its influence on the rehabilitation process. Methods  60 children with asthmatic bronchitis admitted to the First People's Hospital of Fuzhou City from March 2021 to December 2022 were selected as the research subjects, and they were randomly divided into the methylprednisolone group and the study group, with 30 cases in each group. The methylprednisolone group was treated with methylprednisolone on the basis of routine treatment, while the study group was treated with ipratropium bromide and salbutamol aerosol inhalation on the basis of methylprednisolone group. The disappearance time of clinical symptoms, lung function, inflammatory factor level, immune function index and clinical effect were compared between the two groups. Results  The disappearance time of cough, wheezing and lung rales in the study group were shorter than those in the methylprednisolone group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Before treatment, there was no significant difference in tidal volume (TV), tidal expiratory peak velocity (PTEF) and forced vital capacity (FVC) between the two groups; after treatment, TV and FVC of the two groups were higher than those before treatment, and PTEF was lower than that before treatment, and TV and FVC in the study group were higher than those in the methylprednisolone group, and PTEF was lower than that in the methylprednisolone group, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Before treatment, there was no significant difference in the levels of tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α) and interleukin -1β(IL-1β) between the two groups; after treatment, the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β of the two groups were lower than before treatment, and the study group were lower than those in the methylprednisolone group, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Before treatment, there was no significant difference in CD4+ and CD8+ levels between the two groups; after treatment, the CD4+ level of the two groups were lower than that before treatment, and the CD8+ level was higher than that before treatment, and the CD4+ level in the study group was lower than that in the methylprednisolone group, and the CD8+ level was higher than that in the methylprednisolone group, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The total effective rate in the study group was higher than that in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion  The clinical effect of atomized inhalation combined with methylprednisolone in the treatment of asthmatic bronchitis in children is remarkable, which can improve the clinical symptoms of children, improve lung function and immune function, and reduce inflammatory reaction, and is worthy of clinical promotion and application.

Keywords: Asthmatic bronchitis; Methylprednisolone; Atomization inhalation; Lung function; Inflammatory reaction

喘息性支气管炎是一种由合胞病毒感染导致的急性支气管感染[1-2]。婴幼儿为喘息性支气管炎的高发群体,患儿主要临床表现为气喘、咳嗽、发作性哮鸣,且通常发病较急、病程较长、易复发等特征,严重威胁患儿身体健康[3-4]。近年来,随着我国计划生育政策的开放,每年新增喘息性支气管炎患儿的病例数连年上升,因此越来越多的专家和学者致力于喘息性支气管炎患儿临床治疗的研究[5-7]。甲泼尼龙为广谱的糖皮质激素药物,具有较强的抗炎功效,常用于婴幼儿呼吸系统疾病的治疗[8]。有研究表示,相比口服药物,雾化吸入治疗具有无创、药物利用率高的优点[9]。基于此,本研究选取抚州市第一人民医院收治60例喘息性支气管炎患儿作为研究对象,旨在探讨雾化吸入联合甲泼尼龙治疗喘息性支气管炎患儿的临床疗效,现报道如下。

1  资料与方法

1.1    临床资料    选取20213月至202212月抚州市第一人民医院收治60例喘息性支气管炎患儿作为研究对象,按照完全随机法分为甲泼尼龙组研究组,每组30例。甲泼尼龙组男17例,女13例年龄37岁,平均(5.1±1.6)岁病程411个月,平均(7.5±2.8)个月研究组男15例,女15例年龄38岁,平均(5.5±1.9)岁病程410个月,平均(7.0±2.4)个月。两组临床资料比较差异无统计学意义,具有可比性。患儿家属对本研究知情同意并签署知情同意书。本研究经抚州市第一人民医院医学伦理委员会审核批准(审批号:2024-3-6)。

纳入标准:所有患儿均符合喘息性支气管炎诊断标准,并经影像学检查确诊②临床资料齐全近期未接受过相关治疗。排除标准:①有先天性疾病者;②异丙托溴铵、沙丁胺醇、甲泼尼龙等药物不耐受③依从性较差

1.2    方法    两组均进行止咳、平喘、吸氧、抗生素治疗等常规治疗。甲泼尼龙组在常规治疗基础上使用甲泼尼龙(重庆华邦制药,国药准字H20143136,规格:40mg治疗,将2 mg/kg注射用甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠溶于100 ml 5%葡萄糖注射液,对患儿进行静脉滴注,每天2次。研究组甲泼尼龙组治疗的基础上加用异丙托溴铵河北仁合益康药业有限公司,国药准字H20213362,规格:2ml∶0.5mg、沙丁胺醇河北仁合益康药业有限公司,国药准字H20203019,规格:2.5ml5mg雾化吸入治疗。异丙托溴铵雾化吸入:每天2次,每次0.25 mg;沙丁胺醇雾化吸入:将2.5mg硫酸沙丁胺醇与2 ml 0.9%氯化钠注射液混合,每天2次,每次4 min。两组均连续治疗1周。

1.3    观察指标    临床症状。包括咳嗽、喘息、肺部啰音消失时间。肺功能采用肺功能仪检测两组潮气量(tidal volume,TV)、潮气呼气峰流速(tidal expiratory peak flow rate,PTEF)、用力肺活量(forced vital capacity,FVC)。血清炎症因子水平治疗前及治疗结束3 d后抽取两组患儿空腹静脉血6 ml,离心20 min后-30 ℃保存待检,采用酶标分析仪检测肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor α,TNF-α、白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)水平:标记酶标板、稀释标准品,酶标板内添加血清标本及100 μl标准液,使用37 ℃保温箱孵育0.5 h,检测TNF-α、IL-1β水平。免疫功能对患儿血清指标进行抗凝处理后分两管,两管内分别添加单克隆抗体、免疫球蛋白,室温遮光环境静置0.5 h后添加溶血剂2 ml静置,待完全溶血后,以1500 r/min离心20 min,弃上清后使用PBS液清洗,再次弃上清、离心处理、PBS缓冲液清洗、弃上清,悬浮处理,使用流式细胞仪检测CD4+CD8+水平。临床疗效评价标准显效咳嗽、喘息、肺部啰音等临床症状消失,肺功能恢复正常;有效咳嗽、喘息、肺部啰音等床症状明显改善,肺功能明显提升;无效咳嗽、喘息、肺部啰音等临床症状改善不明显,肺功能无明显提升。总有效率=显效+有效

1.4    统计学方法    采用SPSS 26.0统计学软件进行数据分析,计量资料以“x±s”表示,组间比较采用t检验,计数资料以[n%)]表示,组间比较采用x2检验,以P0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2  结果

2.1    两组临床症状消失时间比较    研究组咳嗽、喘息、肺部啰音消失时间短甲泼尼龙组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),见表1

 

1    两组临床症状消失时间比较(x±s,d

Table 1  Comparison of time for clinical symptoms to disappear between the two groups (x±s, d)

组别

例数

咳嗽

喘息

肺部啰音

甲泼尼龙组

30

5.61±1.37

4.63±1.05

5.22±1.19

研究组

30

4.06±0.76

2.85±0.53

3.68±0.70

t

 

5.419

8.289

6.110

P

 

0.001

0.001

0.001

2.2    两组肺功能变化比较    治疗前,两组TV、PTEF、FVC比较差异无统计学意义;治疗后,TV、FVC均高于治疗前PTEF低于治疗前,且研究组TV、FVC高于甲泼尼龙组,PTEF低于甲泼尼龙组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。见表2

 

2    两组肺功能变化比较(x±s

Table 2  Comparison of pulmonary function changes between the two groups (x±s)

组别

例数

TV(ml/kg)

PTEF(L/s)

FVC(L)

治疗前

治疗后

治疗前

治疗后

治疗前

治疗后

甲泼尼龙组

30

5.32±0.95

6.51±1.21a

0.22±0.04

0.15±0.03a

2.16±0.35

3.02±0.76a

研究组

30

5.19±0.99

7.86±1.55a

0.23±0.05

0.10±0.02a

2.12±0.32

4.15±0.92a

t

 

0.519

3.760

0.855

7.596

0.462

5.187

P

 

0.606

0.001

0.396

0.001

0.646

0.001

注:TV潮气量;PTEF潮气呼气峰流速;FVC,用力肺活量。与本组治疗前比较,aP<0.05

2.3    两组炎症因子水平比较    治疗前,两组TNF-α、IL-1β水平比较差异无统计学意义;治疗后,TNF-α、IL-1β水平均低于治疗前,且研究组低于甲泼尼龙组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。见表3

 

3    两组炎症因子水平变化比较(x±s,ng/L

Table 3  Comparison of the levels of inflammatory factors between the two groups (x±s, ng/L)

组别

例数

TNF-α

IL-1β

治疗前

治疗后

治疗前

治疗后

甲泼尼龙组

30

24.77±3.08

13.65±2.51a

22.73±2.89

13.81±2.42a

研究组

30

25.23±3.19

10.29±2.23a

23.01±3.02

11.34±2.13a

t

 

0.568

5.481

0.367

4.196

P

 

0.572

0.001

0.715

0.001

注:TNF-α肿瘤坏死因子α;IL-1β,白细胞介素-。与本组治疗前比较,aP<0.05

2.4    两组免疫功能比较    治疗前,两组CD4+CD8+水平比较差异无统计学意义;治疗后,CD4+水平低于治疗前CD8+水平高于治疗前,且研究组CD4+水平低于甲泼尼龙组,CD8+水平高于甲泼尼龙组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。见表4

 

4    两组免疫功能比较(x±s,%

Table 4  Comparison of immune function changes between the two groups (x±s, %)

组别

例数

CD4+

CD8+

治疗前

治疗后

治疗前

治疗后

甲泼尼龙组

30

38.58±3.96

31.64±3.52a

28.42±3.07

36.07±3.38a

研究组

30

39.23±4.11

27.91±3.05a

27.89±3.13

40.15±3.77a

t

 

0.624

4.386

0.662

4.414

P

 

0.535

0.001

0.511

0.001

注:与本组治疗前比较,aP<0.05

2.5    两组临床疗效比较    研究组治疗总有效率高于对照甲泼尼龙组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。见表5。

 

5    两组临床疗效比较[n(%)]

Table 5  Comparison of clinical efficacy between the two groups [n(%)]

组别

例数

显效

有效

无效

总有效

甲泼尼龙组

30

12(40.00)

10(33.33)

8(26.67)

22(73.33)

研究组

30

15(50.00)

13(43.33)

2(6.67)

28(93.33)

x2

 

 

 

 

4.320

P

 

 

 

 

0.038

3  讨论

喘息性支气管炎是一种多发生于幼童的呼吸道疾病,患儿大多具有呼吸障碍、刺激性咳嗽等临床症状,有研究显示,喘息性支气管炎症状的发生发展会对患儿呼吸道发育、正常生长发育造成严重的影响,还会影响患儿免疫系统的正常发育,因此寻找一种特效的治疗喘息性支气管炎的手段至关重要[10-11]

临床常用的治疗喘息性支气管炎手段为药物治疗,甲泼尼龙为常用的治疗呼吸系统疾病的药物,具有较强的抑制炎性介质释放的功效,同时甲泼尼龙还具有提升血管紧张性、抑制毛细血管通透性的药理作用。有研究表示,应用雾化吸入的治疗手段对喘息性支气管炎患儿进行干预,在提升用药功效的同时能提升治疗安全性,治疗效果更加理想。异丙托溴铵、沙丁胺醇均为常用的治疗喘息性支气管炎的药物[12-15]。本研究使用异丙托溴铵、沙丁胺醇雾化吸入联合甲泼尼龙喘息性支气管炎患儿进行治疗,结果显示,研究组治疗总有效率高于对照甲泼尼龙组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),说明雾化吸入联合甲泼尼龙喘息性支气管炎患儿具有更加理想治疗效果,临床应用价值显著。喘息性支气管炎患儿大多临床表现为咳嗽、喘息、肺部啰音等,止咳平喘是治疗喘息性支气管炎的关键,对患儿病情恢复、健康成长具有重要意义。本研究结果显示,研究组咳嗽、喘息、肺部啰音消失时间短甲泼尼龙组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。说明该治疗方案能加快喘息性支气管炎患儿病情恢复,对患儿病情恢复、预后改善具有重要意义。

大量临床研究表示,喘息性支气管炎症状的发生发展会严重影响患儿的肺功能,有效的临床治疗能提升患儿肺功能,促进患儿病情恢复[16-18]。本研究结果显示,治疗后,TV、FVC均高于治疗前PTEF低于治疗前,且研究组TV、FVC高于甲泼尼龙组,PTEF低于甲泼尼龙组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),说明该治疗方案的应用能有效提升患儿肺功能,可能是因为异丙托溴铵具有扩张患儿支气管的功效,沙丁胺醇具有平喘的功效,二者联合应用能有效提升患儿肺功能,从而发挥治疗效果。

有研究表示,喘息性支气管炎的发生发展与炎症反应具有密切联系,抑制喘息性支气管炎患儿炎症反应对患儿病情恢复、预后改善具有重要意义[19-23]TNF-αIL-1β为广谱炎症因子,二者水平变化与机体炎症反应密切相关。本研究结果显示,治疗后,TNF-α、IL-1β水平均低于治疗前,且研究组低于甲泼尼龙组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),说明该治疗方案能抑制患儿炎症反应,可能是因为甲泼尼龙具有较强的抗炎功效。还有研究示,喘息性支气管炎的发生发展会严重影响机体免疫系统[24-25]。本研究结果还显示,治疗后,CD4+水平低于治疗前CD8+水平高于治疗前,且研究组CD4+水平低于甲泼尼龙组,CD8+水平高于甲泼尼龙组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),说明该治疗方案的应用能调控T淋巴细胞亚群,改善患儿免疫功能,从而发挥治疗效果。

综上所述,使用雾化吸入联合甲泼尼龙治疗喘息性支气管炎患儿疗效显著,可明显改善患儿临床症状,提升肺功能、免疫功能,减轻炎症反应,值得临床推广应用

 

参考文献

[1]    DU X, ZHAO C, LIU S, et al. Value of ambroxol in the treatment of asthmatic bronchitis[J]. Pak J Med Sci, 2020,36(3):501-504.

[2]    ZHANG Q, LUO W, ZHAN W, et al. Non-asthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis is characterized by proximal airway eosinophilic inflammation as compared with classic asthma and cough variant asthma[J]. Clin Exp Allergy, 2021,51(12):1637-1640.

[3]    尹梅.喘息性支气管炎患儿红细胞分布宽度与其预后相关性研究[J].陕西医学杂志,2020,49(7):841-843,896.

[4]    张浩,杨凯,丁萌,等.喘息性支气管炎患儿外周血CD4+ CD25+ CD127low调节性T细胞及淋巴细胞亚群的改变与临床意义[J].中国微生态学杂志,2020,32(4):432-434.

[5]    白俊英.重组人干扰素α1b联合布地奈德特布他林雾化吸入治疗喘息性支气管炎患儿的临床疗效[J].中国药物与临床,2021,21(10):1752-1754.

[6]    SHU LL, ZHONG L, QIU L, et al. Clinical analysis of 86 cases of children with plastic bronchitis[J]. Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban, 2021,52(5):855-858.

[7]    MARWA S, LAMIAA K. Chest CT features of COVID-19 pediatric patients presented with upper respiratory symptoms[J]. Egyptian J Radiol Nucl Med, 2021,52(1):1.

[8]    YE J, YE H, WANG M, et al. Total serum IL-6 and TNF-C levels in children with bronchopneumonia following treatment with methylprednisolone in combination with azithromycin[J]. Am J Transl Res, 2021,13(8):9458-9464.

[9]    黄丹,文锐光,邓文霖.布地奈德与特布他林雾化吸入治疗小儿急性喘息性支气管炎的效果观察[J].基层医学论坛,2021,25(19):2693-2695.

[10]  朱杰,屈弘宇.平喘煎联合特布他林雾化吸入对婴幼儿喘息性支气管炎急性发作期的影响[J].西部中医药,2020,33(5):106-110.

[11]  刘海燕,陈华芳,李建军.氨溴索联合布地奈德治疗对小儿喘息性支气管炎临床疗效、炎性因子及免疫功能的影响[J].实用医院临床杂志,2021,18(3):135-138.

[12]  付晨.喘息性支气管炎患儿经重组人干扰素α-2b联合吸入用布地奈德混悬液、异丙托溴铵治疗的临床疗效[J].首都食品与医药,2021,28(16):62-64.

[13]  BIANCO A, LICATA F, NOBILE CG, et al. Pattern and appropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions for upper respiratory tract infections in primary care pediatric patients[J]. Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2021,59(1):106469.

[14]  LAI K, CHEN R, PENG W, et al. Non-asthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis and its relationship with asthma[J]. Pulm Pharmacol Ther, 2017,47:66-71.

[15]  WANG Y, AN S. Plastic bronchitis associated with influenza A virus in children with asthma[J]. J Int Med Res, 2021,49(12): 3000605211065370.

[16]  魏世强.布地奈德联合沙丁胺醇雾化吸入治疗喘息性支气管炎患儿的效果[J].中国民康医学,2021,33(15):25-27.

[17]  王雪芳,孙科佳,彭红霞.小儿肺咳颗粒联合阿奇霉素对喘息性支气管炎患儿肺功能及炎性因子的影响[J].中国医药导刊,2020,22(9):620-623.

[18]  边红恩,陈团营,单海军.小青龙汤联合阿奇霉素治疗喘息性支气管炎疗效及对患者外周血辅助性T细胞表达和肺功能的影响[J].陕西中医,2019,40(5):607-609.

[19]  王浩,姜敏行,武传磊.盐酸氨溴索联合头孢克肟治疗小儿喘息性支气管炎对血清炎症细胞因子及临床疗效的作用[J].中国妇幼保健,2021,36(10):2305-2308.

[20]  ZHANG L, LAI MM, AI T, et al. Analysis of mycoplasma pneumoniae infection among children with respiratory tract infections in hospital in Chengdu from 2014 to 2020[J]. Transl Pediatr, 2021,10(4):990-997.

[21]  IRUNGU A, ACHOLA C, ONGULO B, et al. Paediatric plastic bronchitis in an atopic child; A case report from East Africa[J]. Respir Med Case Rep, 2021,34:101542.

[22]  JIA S, NI F, MA Y, et al. Clinical analysis of primary nephrotic syndrome complicated by plastic bronchitis in children[J]. Klin Padiatr, 2021,233(2):63-68.

[23]  张闯,杨希,焦蓉.干扰素α1b、孟鲁司特钠联合治疗喘息性支气管炎的疗效及对患儿炎症免疫状态的影响[J].中国妇幼保健,2019,34(21):4971-4974.

[24]  任华,钟红平,李保存,等.喘息性支气管炎患儿免疫功能及微生态变化及其关联性分析[J].河北医学,2020,26(1):122-126.

[25]  MIYAMOTO M, YANAGISHITA Y, KURE A, et al. The management of influenza virus-induced plastic bronchitis in pediatric patients: a case report and literature review[J]. Int J Clin Pediatr, 2022,11(1):20-26.