【关键词】 冠心病; 糖尿病; 冠状动脉造影
Analysis of clinical manifestation and coronary angiograms in patients with coronary artery disease and diabetes1Xu Chongli, 2TANG Jianjin,, 3WANG Liansheng Department of Cardiology, Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing,211100; Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210029; Department of Cardiology,Nanjing Chest Hospital,210029,Nanjing, China
【Abstract】 Objective: To explore the clinical manifestation and characteristics of coronary artery lesion of patients with coronary disease and diabetes . Methods: A total of 227 patients with coronary disease diagnosed by coronary artery angiography (CAG), were analyzed retrospectively, including 67 cases complicated DM (DM group) and 160 cases without DM ( non -DM group). The fasting blood glucose (FBG), blood fat, blood pressure and coronary artery lesion characteristics of the two groups were analyzed. Results: The number of triglyeride (TG), atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and FBG were higher in the DM group (P < 0. 01). The number of smoking as well as systolic pressure and diastolic pressure were also higher in the DM group, but there were no statistical significance between the two groups. In the DM group, the incidence of three-vessal-disease was significantly higher (53.7% vs. 36.9%), but the incidence of one-vessal-disease was much lower (20.9% vs. 41.3%)(P < 0. 05). The incidence of diffuse disease was also significantly higher in the DM group (64.2% vs. 45.0%) (P < 0. 05).Conclusion: Coronary disease patients with diabetes show higher incidence of dyslipidemia and more pathological changes in coronary artery. We should carry out comprehensive interventions in blood glucose and other risk factors of cardiovascular disease to prevent the occurrence of coronary heart disease and improve the prognosis .
【Key words】coronary artery disease; diabetes ; coronary artery angiography;
糖尿病是冠心病的重要危险因素之一,是冠心病患者的一个不良预后指标。与非糖尿病及非冠心病患者相比,合并糖尿病的冠心病患者的发病率上升10-12倍,死亡率上升3倍 [1]。本研究对经冠脉造影证实的冠心病患者227例(其中合并糖尿病67例)进行回顾分析,比较其临床及冠脉造影特点,探讨糖尿病对冠心病病变的影响。
1资 料 与 方 法
1.1研究对象 选择2006年1月-2006年10月入住南京医科大学第一附属医院心内科及南京市江宁医院心内科并经冠状动脉造影术检查确诊有冠心病的患者227例,其中合并糖尿病组(DM组)67例,男52例,女15例,平均64.36±9.83岁;非糖尿病组(非DM组)160例,男114例,女46例,平均60.81±10.24岁。所有患者均测定血压,血脂,血糖等。
1.2方法 冠状动脉造影:采用Judkings法行选择性左、右冠状动脉多体位、多角度造影,至少两位医师对造影结果进行评价。至少有1支冠脉狭窄≥50%;分别观测左前降支(LAD)、回旋支(LCX)及右冠状动脉(RCA),根据上述动脉受累数量分为单支、双支及三支病变,左主干狭窄定义为双支病变。弥漫性血管病变的定义为:⑴病变长度≥20mm;⑵一支血管多处病变;⑶血管全程或大部分纤细、僵硬或明显迂曲僵硬。糖尿病的诊断符合1999年WHO关于糖尿病的诊断及分型标准。空腹血浆葡萄糖浓度>7.0mmol/L或口服葡萄糖耐量实验2h后血浆葡萄糖浓度> 11.1mmol/L。
1.3统计学处理 采用SPSS11.5软件进行分析,计量资料以均数±标准差表示,行t检验,计数资料用百分比表示,行χ2检验或秩和检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结 果
2.1两组患者一般临床资料比较见表1。DM组的甘油三酯(TG)、血浆致动脉粥样硬化指数(AIP,指TG/HDL-C比值的对数值,其数值与LDL颗粒大小呈明显负相关,可直接反映受试者动脉粥样硬化发生的危险性)和空腹血浆葡萄糖浓度(FBG)明显高于非DM组( P<0.01)。两组间吸烟数、收缩压及舒张压DM组均比非DM组高,但差异无统计学意义。年龄、性别比例及体重指数两组间差异无显著性。
表1 两组病人一般临床资料的比较
|
DM组 非DM组 P值 |
|
年龄(岁) 64.36±9.83 60.81±10.24 NS 男性,n(%) 77.61 78.13 NS 体重指数 24.97±3.18 24.93±3.38 NS 吸烟数 329.77±383.66 297.01±363.62 NS 收缩压 135.68±22.15 130.80±19.38 NS 舒张压 82.12±12.57 9.60±10.48 NS CHOL 4.00±0.83 4.07±1.10 NS TG 2.14±2.48 1.67±1.03 P<0.01 HDL-C 1.03±0.31 1.03±0.27 NS LDL-C 2.19±0.73 2.30±0.85 NS FBG 7.04±2.19 5.04±0.86 P<0.01 AIP 0.46±0.90 0.37±0.61 P<0.01 |
表2 两组病人冠脉造影结果比较
|
DM组 非DM组 P值 |
|
单支 n(%) 14(20.9) 66(41.3) P<0.01 双支 n(%) 17(25.4) 35(21.9) NS 三支 n(%) 36(53.7) 59(36.9) P<0.05 LAD n(%) 53(79.1) 131(81.9) NS LCX n(%) 47(70.2) 88(45.0) P<0.01 RCA n(%) 38(56.7) 82(51.3) NS 弥漫性血管病变 n(%) 43(64.2) 72(45.0) P<0.01 |
3讨 论
糖尿病已被提升为冠心病的等危症,糖尿病合并冠心病的发生率是非糖尿病患者的2-3倍,并且此类患者的冠状动脉病变以双支、三支血管病变发生率高,弥漫性血管病变多见[2-3]。本研究结果发现与非糖尿病的冠心病患者相比, 并发糖尿病的冠心病患者三支血管病变、弥漫性病变的发生率均明显增高, 而单支病变明显少于非糖尿病患者。与近年来国内外的相关报道一致[4-5]。其发生机制可能与以下因素有关:一方面糖尿病的糖化代谢产物增多直接引起内皮损伤,功能受损;糖尿病时内皮修复减慢,内皮下胶原组织暴露时间延长,血小板黏附于受损伤的内皮上,导致聚集增加; 糖化代谢产物的增加使得内皮源性血管舒张因子产生减少或活性降低,而缩血管物质如内皮素-1产生增加,冠脉张力增加,管腔缩小[6]。另一方面,糖尿病导致冠心病与高胰岛素血症和胰岛素抵抗有关。高胰岛素血症刺激血管平滑肌细胞的增殖;患者的内皮细胞功能障碍,血浆vonWille-brond因子增加,凝血系统激活,同时血浆中纤溶酶原激活抑制剂( PAI-1)水平增加,纤溶系统受抑,导致脂质沉着和血栓形成;可引起继发性脂质代谢紊乱,包括高密度脂蛋白(HDL)水平下降,低密度脂蛋白(LDL)及TG水平升高;细胞内钙浓度升高,小动脉平滑肌对缩血管物质的反应性增加[7]。上述各种因素共同作用,形成恶性循环,加速了动脉粥样硬化的进展。
糖尿病患者存在多种物质代谢紊乱。UKPDS 的后续研究[8]分析了335 例死于心血管疾病的糖尿病病例,排列出心血管疾病的前5个危险因素,由大到小依次为:高水平低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C) 、低水平高密度脂蛋白胆固醇( HDL-C) 、舒张压高、糖化血红蛋白高( HbA1c) 和吸烟。Lento等也发现[9],小而密的LDL(sLDL)、空腹血糖水平、载脂蛋白B是糖尿病发生冠心病的重要危险因素。目前的研究显示LDL 颗粒的大小主要与TG转运有关[10]。糖尿病病人TG水平较高,这样VLDL和LDL之间的TG和胆固醇转运增强,从而形成了富含TG而胆固醇缺乏的LDL颗粒,这种LDL 颗粒对于肝脂酶的作用非常敏感,经肝脂酶水解LDL-TG后形成sLDL颗粒。sLDL可能由于更易于进入血管壁,易被氧化,易于滞留在细胞外基质中,易于启动胆固醇沉积于动脉壁等原因具有更强的致动脉硬化作用[11]。本研究中显示DM组的TG水平、AIP数值和FBG浓度均明显高于非DM组( P<0.01),与上述报道一致。舒张压DM组比非DM组高,但差异无统计学意义,可能与样本量小有关。
本研究表明伴有糖尿病的冠心病患者冠状动脉病变范围广泛,糖尿病患者发生冠心病是多因素协同作用的结果,积极预防冠心病的危险因素包括严格控制血糖、血脂、血压等综合措施,加强血管保护,从而延缓冠状动脉粥样硬化的进程。
致 谢
本研究受南京市科技局科技社会发展课题(项目编号:200401068-2)及江苏省政府“六大人才高峰”高层次个人资助课题(项目编号:06-B-043)资助,在此表示感谢。
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TAG: 冠心病 糖尿病 冠状动脉造影






